Trends in on-label and off-label modafinil use in a nationally representative sample.

search, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Drs Singh, Petersen, and Sawhney); Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston (Dr Spitzmueller); and School of Biomedical Informatics and University of Texas–Memorial Hermann Center for Healthcare Quality and Safety, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Dr Sittig). Correspondence: Dr Singh, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (152), 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 ([email protected]). Author Contributions: Dr Singh had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Singh, Spitzmueller, Sawhney, and Sittig. Acquisition of data: Singh and Spitzmueller. Analysis and interpretation of data: Singh, Spitzmueller, Petersen, Sawhney, and Sittig. Drafting of the manuscript: Singh, Spitzmueller, and Sittig. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Singh, Spitzmueller, Petersen, Sawhney, and Sittig. Statistical analysis: Spitzmueller and Petersen. Obtained funding: Singh. Administrative, technical, and material support: Singh and Sittig. Study supervision: Singh and Sittig. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported. Funding/Support: The research reported herein was supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Patient Safety, a National Institutes of Health K23 career development award (K23CA125585) to Dr Singh and in part by the Houston VA Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence (HFP90020). Dr Sittig is supported in part by a SHARP contract from the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC No. 10510592). Additional Contributions: We thank additional members of our project team, Donna Espadas, BS; Daniel Murphy, MD, MBA; Michael Smith, PhD; and Archana Laxmisan,MD,MA(allaffiliatedwiththeHoustonVAHealth ServicesResearchandDevelopmentCenterofExcellence), for theirvaluablecontributions to thesurvey.Noneof them received additional compensation for this work. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or any other funding agencies.